Primary Assessment

A quick, systematic initial assessment used in first aid to identify and treat life-threatening conditions in order of priority.

This isn't a step-by-step walkthrough. In a real emergency, call 999 and the call handler will guide you.

D

Danger

STOP, THINK, ACT

  • Look for dangers
  • Apply PPE

If there is danger and you cannot make safe, manage the scene and wait for the emergency services. Do not put yourself at risk.

R

Response

  • Look to see if the casualty is Alert
  • Talk to the casualty to see if they respond to Voice
  • Tap the shoulders to see if they respond to Pressure

If no response, presume as Unresponsive.

If unresponsive:

  • Call 999/112 on loudspeaker, continue DRAB
  • Ask someone to call 999/112
  • If no one is coming, leave to get help
  • If you return and still unresponsive — continue Airway & Breathing. Suspect Cardiac Arrest.
A

Airway

  • Clear the airway if obstructed with blood/vomit by rolling the casualty to one side.
  • Open the airway using the head tilt, chin lift technique.
B

Breathing

  • Look, Listen and Feel for breathing — 10 seconds
  • Regular, Rhythmical breathing

⚠ Abnormal breathing patterns must be recognised as signs of cardiac arrest: Laboured breathing, Agonal gasping or Panting.

What you find decides what's next

Placeholder — pending Dad's content

Three outcomes to lay out here, from the deck (slides 36–39): responsive and breathing · unresponsive and breathing → recovery position · unresponsive and not breathing → CPR.